"Publish or perish," as the cliché goes in academia. The phrase first occurs in University of Texas President Logan Wilson's 1942 book, The Academic Man, while its origins might be traced back to the 1870s in the United States, when tenure was first used at institutions. Although the definition of "publish" varies, the requirement typically requires that the work be "peer reviewed."

A scholarly publication is a peer-reviewed publication that has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review method is used to maintain academic scientific excellence by subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to inspection by those who are specialists in the same area (peers).

Not long ago, Research articles and books were printed on paper and available in libraries. Researchers frequently had "carrels," or areas in the library where they could store tangible published things temporarily. University libraries began offering coin-operated copy machines in the 1960s, and by the 1970s, they were commonplace. The stack of journals beside the copy machines was so huge that a library employee's full-time job consisted of just re-shelving the journals in the right order. Nothing could possibly be published unless someone thought it was important. 

Publishers are increasingly advocating for data and products related to published papers to be shared openly and available as part of a cultural shift to support openness, reproducibility, and confidence in the scientific literature. In an open digital world, UOD is striving to stand out through its values,

We at University of Duhok (UOD) see this as a collective global academic action problem that requires leadership and investment from publishing sources, who can be rewarded for continued innovation, novelty, and integrity in publication assessment through mechanisms that allow us to manage reputational risk as a hidden threat and danger to the good name or standing of our university. DRIN offers the essential information, norms, and laws to foster an atmosphere conducive to responsible and high-quality research that results in visible publications. Please explore DRIN

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